Multi- Purpose River Projects


 
 
Concept Explanation
 

Multi- Purpose River Projects

Managing the water resources: To cope up with water scarcity, conserve and manage the water resources, different ways of storing water in ancient times and multipurpose river projects in modern times have come up.

Multi-purpose River Projects - A multipurpose river valley project is such a scheme which is carried out to Fulfill a number of purposes at one and at the same time such as irrigation, generation of electricity,flood control and fish breeding etc. Example -Hirakund project in orissa on mahanadi .  Archaeological and historical records show that from ancient times, we have been constructing sophisticated hydraulic structures like dams built of stone rubble, reservoir or lakes, embankments and canals for irrigation. Multi-Purpose River Projects launched after independence aims to develop proper management of water resources by storing river water for many purposes. Such as generation of hydroelectricity, irrigation, flood control, fish breeding, soil conservation etc. First Prime Minister, Mr. Jawaharlal Nehru, proclaimed multi-purpose river projects as ‘The Temples of Modern India’. As they initiate development of agriculture and the village economy with rapid industrialisation and growth of the urban economy.

Hydraulic Structures in Ancient India: Water harvesting system for channeling the flood waters of the river Ganga in the 1st century BC, Sringaverapura near Allahabad.

  • Dams, lakes and irrigation systems extensively built during Chandragupta Maurya’s reign in 3rd century BCE.
  • Bhopal lake, an artificial lake built in the 11th century.
  • Tank in Hauz Khas, Delhi constructed by Iltutmish for supplying water to Shri Fort area in the 14th century,
  • Irrigation works found in Kalinga (Odisha). Naganjunakonda (Andhra Pradesh), Bennur (Karnataka) and Kolhapur (Maharashtra).
  • Objectives of Multi-Purpose Projects:

  • A Generation of electric power. According to the Economic Survey of India 2005-06, such projects are generating 30000 MW of power (37000 MW in March 2010).
  • Soil conservation. These projects conserve soil by slowing down the speed of river water.
  • Flood control. These projects control floods by storing ‘excess water in their reservoirs.
  • Irrigation. During the dry season, the stored water can be used to irrigate the fields.
  • Afforestation. Trees are systematically planted around reservoirs, thus helping in preserving the natural eco-systems as well as wildlife.
  • Fisheries. These projects provide controlled conditions for breeding of fish.
  • Water navigation. These projects provide for inland water navigation through the main river as well as associated canals,
  • Tourism. The reservoirs also act as tourist attraction where boating etc. can be done by the people.
  • Adverse Effects and Limitations of Multi-Purpose Projects:

  • Environmental impact. A variety of flora and fauna as we human settlements get submerged or displaced by water reservoir formed by a dam. Therefore, dams face many protests which are also supported by NGOs.
  • Effect on Soil Fertility. Annual floods used to renew the soil with silt that acted as a natural fertiliser. But reduction in floods reduces the fertility of the soil and increases salinity. The reservoirs that are created on the flood plains submerge the existing vegetation and soil leading to its decomposition over a period of time.
  • Impact on Society. Large river projects cause large-scale displacement of local communities along-with destruction of their livelihood and culture. Poor farmers suffer as their agricultural land I taken away. This causes social gap between the rich landowners and landless poors.
  • Impact on Aquatic Life. Fish in the reservoir of the dams do not get sufficient nutrient materials. Also, they cannot migrate beyond the dam for spawning.
  • Change in Cropping Pattern. Farmers have changed the crop pattern in many regions by shifting to water intensive and commercial farming due to increased availability of water from these projects.
  • Territorial Water Disputes. Due to a river flowing beyond State and Country boundaries, sharing of river water is a troublesome issue. Sometimes, this problem delays projects and sometimes it may cause water scarcity in one area or another.
  • Big dams over upstream create water scarcity led inter-State disputes in downstream states i.e. big dam at Koyna result in dispute between Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh over Krishna-Godavari river.
  • Excessive Sedimentation at the Bottom of Reservoir. Regulating of rivers affect their natural flow causing poor sediment flow and excessive collection of sediments at the bottom or the reservoir, resulting in rockier stream beds and poorer habitats of aquatic life.
  • Failure to control Floods. The big dams have mostly being unsuccessful in controlling flood at the time of excessive rainfall. For example, the release of water from dams during heavy rains aggravated the flood situation in Maharashtra and Gujarat in 2006. The floods have not only devastated life and property but also caused extensive soil erosion.

    Sample Questions
    (More Questions for each concept available in Login)
    Question : 1

    Which of the following rivers is called " The sorrow of Bihar" ?

    Right Option : A
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